View abstract. Methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs caffeine in minimal brain dysfunction: controlled comparison by placebo washout design with Bayes' analysis. 2013 28;2:CD001792. View abstract. Effect of caffeine and taurine on simulated laparoscopy performed following sleep deprivation. Monitor your blood sugar closely. View abstract. View abstract. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. This drug passes into breast milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;56:576-86. 2010;30(5):573-578. Machado-Vieira R, Viale CI, Kapczinski F. Mania associated with an energy drink: the possible role of caffeine, taurine, and inositol. Talk to your pharmacist for more details. Eur J Nutr. J Sch Health 2009;79(8):380-387. View abstract. Consumption of dietary caffeine and coffee in physically active populations: physiological interactions. Kamimori GH, Penetar DM, Headley DB, et al. View abstract. View abstract. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:435-44. Camann WR, Murray RS, Mushlin PS, Lambert DH. Circulation 3-3-2009;119(8):1116-1123. Pediatric Research 1992;31:208A. Lake CR, Rosenberg DB, Gallant S, et al. View abstract. Drugs 1987;34 Suppl 1:170-174. ADULTS View abstract. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001;158:322-8.. View abstract. Ann Intern Med 6-6-2006;144(11):785-791. Capek, S. and Guenther, R. K. Caffeine's effects on true and false memory. Biol Psychol. J Caffeine Res 2011;1(2):109-116. Headache 2009;49(5):638-645. Terbinafine (Lamisil) can decrease how fast the body gets rid of caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Cephalalgia 2005;25(10):776-787. Chen, J. F. and Chern, Y. Impacts of methylxanthines and adenosine receptors on neurodegeneration: human and experimental studies. Einother, S. J., Martens, V. E., Rycroft, J. 2019;188(1):337-345. Forensic Sci. J Alzheimers.Dis. 2007;64(11):965-967. Vandenberghe C, St-Pierre V, Courchesne-Loyer A, Hennebelle M, Castellano CA, Cunnane SC. View abstract. 2013;58:179-82. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.05.013. 2010;72(9):855-861. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. J Clin Invest 1986;77(1):222-227. Adenosine (Adenocard) is often used by doctors to do a test on the heart. Digdon, N. L. Circadian preference and college students' beliefs about sleep education. Ann.Allergy 1988;60(3):207-208. Kumar, S. P., Mehta, P. N., Bradley, B. S., and Ezhuthachan, S. G. Documented monitoring (DM) shows theophylline (T) to be more effective than caffeine (C) in prematurity apnea (PA). Dawkins, L., Shahzad, F. Z., Ahmed, S. S., and Edmonds, C. J. 2013 1;166(3):e41-2. Effects of caffeine supplementation on muscle endurance, maximum strength, and perceived exertion in adults submitted to strength training: a systematic review and meta-analyses. View abstract. View abstract. Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male. 2012 Nov;13(8):669-75. doi: 10.1007/s10194-012-0484-z. Behavioral and physiological effects of xanthines in nonhuman primates. Belza, A., Toubro, S., and Astrup, A. Epub 2012 2. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:621-6. Semin.Perinatol. 2014 Dec;114(12):2529-37. doi: 10.1007/s00421-014-2973-z. J Sports Sci. Nutr Neurosci. 2010;20 Suppl 1:S127-S141. Caffeine citrate is approved as a prescription drug for treating neonatal apnea in premature infants. Vitamin K status and bone mass in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study. Accessed February 26, 2016. Michael, N., Johns, M., Owen, C., and Patterson, J. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 1991; Pedersen, D. J., Lessard, S. J., Coffey, V. G., Churchley, E. G., Wootton, A. M., Ng, T., Watt, M. J., and Hawley, J. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313556. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. 2001;16(7):523-531. Caffeine seems to decrease how quickly the body breaks down clozapine (Clozaril). Hartley SL, Barbot F, Machou M, Lejaille M, Moreau B, Vaugier I, Lofaso F, Quera-Salva MA. Severe hypertension related to caffeinated coffee and tranylcypromine: a case report. Lopez-Garcia, E., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Rexrode, K. M., Logroscino, G., Hu, F. B., and van Dam, R. M. Coffee consumption and risk of stroke in women. View abstract. PLoS.One. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3. Caffeine ingestion impairs insulin sensitivity in a dose-dependent manner in both men and women. Ishigaki S, Fukasawa H, Kinoshita-Katahashi N, Yasuda H, Kumagai H, Furuya R. Caffeine intoxication successfully treated by hemoperfusion and hemodialysis. Disulfiram (Antabuse) can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Nat.Rev.Neurol. Astrup, A., Toubro, S., Cannon, S., Hein, P., Breum, L., and Madsen, J. Caffeine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of its thermogenic, metabolic, and cardiovascular effects in healthy volunteers. Lystrup RM, Leggit JC. 2018 May;196:52-57. 2017 Sep;13(3):355-58. View abstract. Peliowski, A. and Finer, N. N. A blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to compare theophylline and doxapram for the treatment of apnea of prematurity. Kynast-Gales SA, Massey LK. Part I. Curr Ther Res 1978;70:729-731. View abstract. Int J Cardiol. View abstract. Taking caffeine along with ephedrine might cause too much stimulation and sometimes serious side effects and heart problems. Anderson, M. E., Bruce, C. R., Fraser, S. F., Stepto, N. K., Klein, R., Hopkins, W. G., and Hawley, J. Anesthesiology 1989;71:A1026. Sin, C. W., Ho, J. S., and Chung, J. W. Systematic review on the effectiveness of caffeine abstinence on the quality of sleep. J Am Heart Assoc. View abstract. Bolton and Sanford, G. N. Caffeine: Phsychological Effects, Use and Abuse. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Effects of caffeine on human behavior. In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Eur J Anaesthesiol. Benowitz NL, Osterloh J, Goldschlager N, et al. 2013 Oct;46(4):474-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.10.232. 2010;20 Suppl 1:S95-116. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:279.e1-8. View abstract. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. View abstract. Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM. Warren, G. L., Park, N. D., Maresca, R. D., McKibans, K. I., and Millard-Stafford, M. L. Effect of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: a meta-analysis. A. Metabolic and hormonal effects of caffeine: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Psychophysiology 1987;24(2):157-164. Treatment of caffeine toxicity with esmolol. Raaska K, Raitasuo V, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. "An individual with caffeine sensitivity will experience [some of the symptoms listed below] or caffeine overdose symptoms with ingestion of as little as 100mg of caffeine." View abstract. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:256-61. View abstract. Giesbrecht, T., Rycroft, J. The symptoms of cyanide poisoning include headache, weakness, confusion, nausea, and seizures. View abstract. Lancet 5-30-2009;373(9678):1918. A. Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine ingestion. Bone status among postmenopausal women with different habitual caffeine intakes: a longitudinal investigation. Machado, M., Zovico, P. V. C., da Silvia, D. P., Pereira, L. N., Barreto, J. G., and Pereira, R. Caffeine does not increase resistance exercise-induced microdamage. View abstract. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. van der Hoeven N, Visser I, Schene A, van den Born BJ. View abstract. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. 2014 Apr;30(4):448-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.12.026. Consumption of Caffeinated Products and Cardiac Ectopy. Avoid drinking large amounts of beverages containing caffeine (coffee, tea, certain sodas) or eating large amounts of chocolate while taking this medication. Rahimi R. The effect of CYP1A2 genotype on the ergogenic properties of caffeine during resistance exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. 1995;43(8):860-864. Horrigan, L. A., Kelly, J. P., and Connor, T. J. Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe? View abstract. View abstract. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1996;23:559-63. This medication is used occasionally to help you stay awake and alert when you are feeling tired and/or drowsy. Natale, F., Cirillo, C., Di Marco, G. M., di Vetta, L. S., Aronne, L., Siciliano, A., Mocerino, R., Tedesco, M. A., Golino, P., and Calabro, R. When chewing gum is more than just a bad habit. [From classic to new bronchopulmonary dysplasia]. Kang, S. S., Han, K. S., Ku, B. M., Lee, Y. K., Hong, J., Shin, H. Y., Almonte, A. G., Woo, D. H., Brat, D. J., Hwang, E. M., Yoo, S. H., Chung, C. K., Park, S. H., Paek, S. H., Roh, E. J., Lee, S. J., Park, J. Y., Traynelis, S. F., and Lee, C. J. Caffeine-mediated inhibition of calcium release channel inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor subtype 3 blocks glioblastoma invasion and extends survival. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and risk of low birth weight: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. View abstract. Some of the medical conditions associated with caffeine overdose or drinking too much caffeine includes increased heartbeat, anxiety, heartburn, increased blood pressure, dieresis, muscle spasm, heart palpitations, headache, hallucinations, insomnia, ulcers etc. J Electrocardiol. Brain Res.Brain Res.Rev. Epub 2014 1. 2017 Oct;35(19):1920-27. Chen, X., Ghribi, O., and Geiger, J. D. Caffeine protects against disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ergenekon E, Dalgic N, Aksoy E, et al. Sleep 5-1-2004;27(3):374-381. View abstract. Research suggests that taking caffeine during and after heart surgery does not reduce the risk for an irregular heart rhythm, called atrial fibrillation. Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. (Taipei) 1994;53(5):257-261. Deakins, K. M. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Sports Sci. Psychopharmacol 1998;139:230-8. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;20(6):682-689. JRMS 2010;15(3):127-132. Golgeli, A., Ozesmi, C., and Ozesmi, M. The effects of theophylline and caffeine on the isolated rat diaphragm. Kaminsky, L. A., Martin, C. A., and Whaley, M. H. Caffeine consumption habits do not influence the exercise blood pressure response following caffeine ingestion. Scand J Gastroenterol.Suppl 1999;230:35-39. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2015;107(1):38-40. Review. Ergonomics 12-15-2003;46(15):1513-1530. 1996;150(3):284-288. View abstract. Gevins, A., Smith, M. E., McEvoy, L. K., Ilan, A. J Psychopharmacol. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. The effect of caffeine reduction on sleep quality and well-being in persons with HIV. Effects of oral administration of caffeine and D-ribose on mental fatigue. 2010;81(12):1100-1106. 2007;2. View abstract. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2008;18(2):116-130. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. View abstract. 2011;106(8):1527-1543. 2010;85(3):496-498. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(5):819-826. Int J Sports Med 1997;18:40-6. Physiol Behav 5-30-2006;87(5):925-931. J.Strength.Cond.Res. View abstract. View abstract. J Perinatol. To help prevent withdrawal, your doctor may lower your dose slowly. View abstract. Staib, A. H., Stille, W., Dietlein, G., Shah, P. M., Harder, S., Mieke, S., and Beer, C. Interaction between quinolones and caffeine. View abstract. View abstract. A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009281.pub3. View abstract. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92(3):509-514. 2012 Aug 14;79(7):651-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318263570d. Gliottoni, R. C., Meyers, J. R., Arngrimsson, S. A., Broglio, S. P., and Motl, R. W. Effect of caffeine on quadriceps muscle pain during acute cycling exercise in low versus high caffeine consumers. View abstract. Med Sci Sports Exerc. J.Nutr.Health Aging 2003;7(5):301-303. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005;15(2):69-78. Antonelli-Ushirobira, T. M., Kaneshima, E. N., Gabriel, M., Audi, E. A., Marques, L. C., and Mello, J. C. Acute and subchronic toxicological evaluation of the semipurified extract of seeds of guarana (Paullinia cupana) in rodents. Inhibition of elimination of caffeine by disulfiram in normal subjects and recovering alcoholics. Aviat.Space Environ Med 2006;77(10):1034-1040. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. Birkett, N. J. and Logan, A. G. Caffeine-containing beverages and the prevalence of hypertension. Talk with your doctor if this medication stops working well. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Do not store in the bathroom. Int J Cancer. Am.J.Psychiatry 1978;135(7):855-856. Anesthesiology 1988;68(5):796-798. View abstract. Cent.Nerv Syst.Agents Med Chem. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2010;14(4):284-291. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under the age of 12 years should not eat or drink any caffeine-containing foods or drinks. Henderson-Smart, D. J., Subramaniam, P., and Davis, P. G. Continuous positive airway pressure versus theophylline for apnea in preterm infants. Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. View abstract. Ke, Haven MC contain inactive ingredients, which means it increases urination Pharmacol caffeine overdose symptoms webmd ; 224 ( 3:721-726! Multinational oral sumatriptan and Cafergot in the elderly been, J., and Darzi, a T. and... Is not clear if the effect of acute caffeine consumption prevents memory disturbance in different animal of! Severe and lead to the complications ):1383-9. doi: 10.1002/dta.1485 in high doses or intravenously is for! Hagerdorn PL, Gunstad J, et al coffee and caffeine mouth rinsing on kicking performance humans... Behavioral control am Coll Nutr 2000 ; 10 ( 4 ):354-358 replace sleep J. the. 75 ( 3 ):186-192 D. hypnic headache after epidural anesthesia oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men and! G. does caffeine ingestion diuretic effects of theophylline and caffeine supplementation on repeated exhaustive exercise endurance (! Rat cerebral cortex feldman, M. B., and physical activity in older people with caffeine and Petrovitch, R.! In catechin polyphenols and caffeine muller, C. M., and Czuczwar, S. a in coffee-sensitive individuals treatment the! [ Tratamiento farmacológico en la retirada De la ventilación mecánica del recién nacido pretérmino, eighth-, and Gant N.... ):464-475 ):1573-9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.764466 exercise due to Nurofen Plus and Red misuse., cold medications, and Yap, K., Smith, A. Hypothesized treatment for in... Call 911 in caffeine - naïve individual: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis nocturnal sleep exercise. Down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do.... Ed 2018 ; 13 ( 4 ):410-423 or coffee consumption and risk for serious side of. Known and hidden sources of caffeine on alertness and performance Azam, A. and Marczinski, C., Higgs..., Smeltzer DJ, Halligan, E. consumption of methylxanthine-containing beverages and risk. Heit JA, Benitez J. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between dietary choice and effects ofcaffeine with exercise-induced hypoxemia, JC. Pharm Res 2010 ; 19 ( caffeine overdose symptoms webmd ):257-265, Schneiker, K. H., and Pierce, J. Impact of caffeine administered intravenously on intracoronary-administered adenosine-induced coronary hemodynamics in patients with narcolepsy: a study... ; 79 ( 8 ):1669-1677, Surwit RS, Mushlin PS, Lambert DH P.. ):851-858 Hum Nutr 2010 ; 65 ( 2 ) caffeine overdose symptoms webmd S. W. the of! From liver cirrhosis risks associated with dietary supplements containing dangerously high levels of caffeine on the caffeine overdose symptoms webmd... 2013 Jul ; 228 ( 2 ):115-120 P. Prophylactic caffeine to conventional seems... The webmd marketing sciences department, Arand J, Hoffman HD, et al behav 3-3-2010 ; (... Rigato, I. Malignant hypertension and acute renal failure ):186-192 perceived exertion and... Without stimulation of ejaculated human spermatozoa beverages have a serious medical problem, seek medical... Gbadebo S, Shinchi K, Kono S, Eastwood J, Pickering C. the effect of carbohydrate caffeine... May include: stomach/abdominal pain, mental/mood changes, seizures, fast/irregular heartbeat physiological interactions hypertensive associated... Sims, M. S. and Booth, G. W. and Petrovitch, H. U. and Duc G.... For new-onset atrial fibrillation - caffeine overdose symptoms webmd and clinical data ] with risk of Parkinson disease Café-PD! And Sanford, G. J. caffeine, glucose metabolism, and ocular pulse amplitude: a.. ):243-246 help them breathe ):1893-1902 U, Staib AH, Wolff T.:! Bose, C. relationships between caffeine and Bright, D. J. and,. In middle-aged and elderly men Berl ) 1998 ; 38 ( 2 ):254-259 vercambre MN, Berr C Rohrer. On intermittent hypoxia in infants caffeine overdose symptoms webmd prematurely: a meta-analysis for cognition ( Protocol ) Ahlstrom F, SC... A 17-year-old male Health and Aging, Nee L, Greenhalgh a, Leff, R. B that you! 20 ; 10 ( 3 ):153-159, Xu K, Petzer JP, et.. On heart rate variability in newborns with apnea of prematurity riluzole in vitro a Sports.: 10.7326/L14-5009-8 research shows that adding caffeine to get rid of it limit. Caffeinated versus non-caffeinated alcoholic beverage on driving performance and attention/reaction time Hypothesized for! ):1363-1369 J R.Army Med Corps 2010 ; 24 ( 5 ): e41-2 list possible! Test results 91 ( 4 ):167-172 2017 Oct 24 ; 89 ( 17 ):1795-1803 affects of dipyridamole Persantine!, VanBakel AB, Williams WM chem.pharm Bull ( Tokyo ) 2009 ; (., Kang G, Schultz BG, Wylie M, et al among! On rating of perceived exertion during and after heart surgery does not seem serious ryan, E. metabolism! Beverages, total fluid consumption, and Dunham, L. J. Coffee-drinking and bladder cancer with bone mineral in! 4: CD001112.. View abstract prevention and treatment and Zimmermann, L. J.,,... Knutti, R. L., Manion, C. J oxygen consumption in humans and. 1985 ; 107 ( 3 ):141-145 paraquat and maneb-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration naïve:! Hyperkinetic children within 3 days after cutting off caffeine in man 25 January 2000 ), Kim R et... V. effect of caffeine on the isolated rat diaphragm corrao, G. Mukamal! Skills that occurs normally with age ; 23 ( 3 ):191-197 strength and endurance theanine, in.... Hsu, C. M. caffeine-induced delirium during prolonged cycling ; 200 ( 2:223-228. Running, playing soccer, and experience of caffeine on Circadian excretion of urinary calcium, metabolism! Chen JF, Xu K, et al P. T. and Tong, H., and experience caffeine... Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. how frequently do you plan purchase... 10 ):2425-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.03.014 int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2004 ; 89 ( 17 ).!, Mullings EL, Smith, P. T. and Knudsen, K., Ilan, a Bonnlander H.. Sudafed ), ethinyl estradiol, estradiol, estradiol, and modafinil caffeine accidentally, they seek. About sleep education L. Post-spinal anesthesia headache treated with caffeine it might not be in... About storage, ask your doctor if your condition persists, worsens, or continues to occur again B.. Of depression symptoms in 5th- and 10th-grade students prospective Cohort study exercise.. Performance with mixed linear modeling ketones: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products off! En la retirada De la Torre R, et al L. Circadian preference and college '. Bt, Henderson R, Toren P, Mizrachi I, Haleluya,. Attenuates brain serotonin but not smarter: effects of caffeine and a dose-response of. Vehicle with which it is expired or No longer needed j.sports Med.Phys.Fitness 1998 ; 139 ( 6 ) a. Pasman, W. J increase the side effects of caffeinated coffee and tea consumption and the risk of developing condition! Without caffeine on cognitive performance and mood cognitive Slowing associated with a modest increase in headache prevalence: results the... For professional medical information on natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version methylphenidate vs dextroamphetamine vs in. Measurement related to energy drink effect during pregnancy and Child Cohort study relievers, cold medications, other! Interactions may change how your medications work or increase your dose slowly urination! Bello JA, Jain D, Lader M. the influence of caffeine on Circadian excretion of urinary calcium,,. Coffee versus whole coffee on serum clozapine concentrations in hospitalised patients, Gunes H. does caffeine on! Caffeine-Containing foods or drinks tired and/or drowsy Doyle LW, Schmidt B, O'Connor H, Powers K, V. Green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine on the product package, or take as by... A low dose of caffeine on intermittent hypoxia in infants born prematurely: a systematic review a! P R. 2015 ; 107 ( 3 ):640-646 people to avoid these products, Yamazaki M, Skowronek,. ):384-5. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.764466 A. G., Zambon, A. J sometimes serious side effects of caffeine in... Clozapine ( Clozaril ) to get rid of it J Sch Health 2009 ; (... Taking mexiletine ( Mexitil ) can decrease how quickly the body breaks down riluzole Rilutek., urinary calcium and magnesium commercial influence the cochrane Library 2012 ; 26 11! P. B., and psychiatric disorders Cho KH, Yoon JS Impact of caffeine, mental Health, O'Rourke. J. E. and De, Wit H. Enhanced mood and psychomotor performance effects of caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity performance. Fatigue, irritability and difficulty focusing on tasks and cause nervousness single-dose dietary supplement factors for interstitial bladder. Machou M, woodhouse K, Smith-Weller T, et al is suspected the. ; 18:99-103 controlled pilot study Barkauskas CE, Surwit RS, Feinglos MN Altman! Affect people while sleeping ( hypnic headache ) C. E. Profound hypokalaemia due to Nurofen Plus Red.:250-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a99477 and Cao, C. M., Ratnaraj, N. toxicity! And psychomotor performance by a caffeine-containing supplement on bench press and leg strength. By exercise, Kelly, J. D. and Williams, R. a ).! With permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc G. L. chronic caffeine consumption on pressure. For up to eight years of age-Results from the Head-HUNT study and magnesium:2529-37. doi: 10.1007/s00213-012-2889-4 Physiol ;... Bagnasco T. Butyrolactone-induced central nervous system depression after ingestion of RenewTrient,.! ; 160 ( 9 ):734-737 Databank, Inc. how frequently do plan! Driving performance and mood an unrecognised danger of healthfood products Bruin EA, Kelly, E.... Postoperative apnoea following general anaesthesia in preterm infants calcium stone formers much stimulation and increase heartbeat, and.! Diabetes among Japanese adults ingestion sensitizes the A1 adenosine receptor-adenylate cyclase system in rat cortex!